QUESTIONS and ANSWERS:

1. What is the difference between weight and mass?

Ans. A measure of the gravitational force exerted by the earth on a body, at a given point on its surface. This weight will vary with respect to the distance from the center of the earth. Mass the quantity of matter does not change.

2. Define meniscus.

Ans. Downward curvature of the surface of water observed in a graduate cylinder is due to adhesion of water to glass.

3. When you read the milliliters of water in a graduated cylinder, do you take the reading from the top of he meniscus or from the bottom?

Ans. Bottom

4. Define Density.

Ans. Mass of a body per unit volume.

5. In the metric system the basic unit for measuring volume (liquid) is the _________; which equals how many quarts?

Ans. Liter; 1 liter = 1.06 quarts

6. Can the meter or centimeter be used to express a volume? Explain.

Ans. Yes; Volume = Length x Height x Width; 1m x 1m x 1m = 1 cubic meter

7. Find the density of water by using this formula:

	M
D   =	---
	V

   For V (Volume) use 100 ml of water.

   For M (Mass) use the weight for 100 g of water.

Ans. = 1 g/ml

8. What are the units for density?

Ans. g/ml or g/cm³

9. How much does one ml of water weigh?

Ans. It should be very close to 1 gram.

10. What are the three phases of matter?

Ans. The three phases of matter are Solid, liquid, and gas.

11. What is the relationship in the metric system between centimeter, millimeter and the gram?

Ans. 1 gram of water at 4° = 1 ml = 1 cm³

12. List all the qualitative physical properties of water.

Ans. The qualitative physical properties of water are: tasteless and odorless liquid at room temperature, however a deep layer takes on a bluish-green color.

13. List all the quantitative physical properties of water.

Ans. Freezing point 0°, boiling point 100°, density = 1 g/ml

14. Complete the following:
   (a) 1 liter = 1000 ml
   (b) 1 kiloliter = 1000 l
   (c) 500 ml = .5 l
   (d) 50 ml = .05 l
   (e) 1 kilogram = 2.20 pounds
   (f) 1 liter = 1.06 quarts

SOLID TO LIQUID

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:

1. Explain what is the difference between a Fahrenheit temperature scale and a Celsius temperature scale.

Ans. Fahrenheit scale is used in English system for measuring temperature. Freezing point = 32 ° F, Boiling pt = 212 ° F; Celsius scale used in the Metric system. Freezing pt = 0 ° C, Boiling pt = 100 ° C.

2. List three quantitative physical properties of water.

Ans. Density of water is 1 g/ml, Freezing pt = 0 ° C, Boiling pt = 100 ° C.

3. List several qualitative physical properties of water.

Ans. Qualitative physical properties of water are: tasteless and odorless liquid at room temperature.

4. How long will the temperature remain the same, when heating ice?

Ans. Until all the ice has melted.

5. Explain, when is it possible to raise the temperature of water above 100°C.

Ans. It is possible to raise the temperature of water above 100° by adding impurities, such as salt to the water, or by increasing the pressure above the water. That is why a pressure cooker is used to speed up cooking by increasing or raising temperature.

6. Refer to the graph below, for the following questions:

(a) What do the line segment A-B and C-D represent?

Ans. Line segment A-B represents no change in temperature ice is still melting. Line segment C-D represents water is boiling.

(b) When will the line segment A-B change? (longer - shorter)

Ans. Line segment A-B is dependent on the amount of ice used.

(c) When will the slant of line segment B-C change? (Increase or decrease the slant?) Explain.

Ans. Line segment B-C is determined by the amount of water present, the more water the longer the slant.

7. At about what temperature would you expect water to boil on a very high mountain? Explain why.

Ans. Expect water to boil at a slightly lower temperature then 100 ° C, there would less atmospheric pressure there. It will take longer to cook food at lower atmospheric pressure.

8. If there are any impurities in the water, explain how this would affect the boiling and freezing point of the water.

Ans. Any impurities such as salt or sugar, in the water this will lower the freezing point and raise the boiling point

9. If a molecule has a lot of heat, it means that it also has a lot of ____________.

Ans. Energy

10. To change from a solid to a liquid you need __________.

Ans. Heat

11. To change a solid salt to a liquid the molecules need ___________.

Ans. Heat

12. When the ice changed to a liquid, where did it get the energy?

Ans. From the water.

13. Why did the temperature dropped, when the salt dissolved?

Ans. Heat was needed to dissolve the salt.

14. When the salt changed to a liquid (dissolved) where did it get the energy?

Ans. From the water.

15. Compare the speed of a molecule in a solid, liquid, and a gas.

Ans. Motion of molecule in solid is fixed in position or vibrates in a fixed position. In a liquid, it slides around in any direction. In a gas the molecule travels at high speed in a straight line, tries to occupy the space given it.

16. What happens to the volume of most kinds of matter when (a) it is heated, (b) it is cooled?

Ans. (a) Expand (b) Contract

17. What happens to the volume of most kinds of matter when it is cooled to the point when it becomes a solid? How is water an exception to this rule?

Ans. Contracts. As water-cools below 4 ° C it begins to expand

18. Work the following problems.

(a) 41 °F = 5 °C

(b) 50 °F = 10 °C

(c) 59 °F = 15 °C

(d) 7 °C = 44.6 °F

(e) 18 °C = 64.4 °F

(f) 28 °C = 83.4 °F

CHROMATOGRAPHY

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:

1. Define capillary action.

Ans. Capillary action can be defined as the rising of water through porous surfaces or very narrow spaces.

2. Where can capillary action occur?

Ans. Anywhere that you have water in contact with porous surface or very narrow spaces.

3. What forces are involved in capillary action? (3)

Ans. Adhesive force exists between the water and the surface that it is in contact with, cohesive force between water molecules, and the force of gravity acting on the water.

4. Would a wick of an alcohol burner make use of capillary action?

Ans. Yes

5. List several other places where wicks are used.

Ans. Candles. Kerosene lamps. Alcohol burners. Oil lamps.

6. Observe the strips of paper and describe what changes occurred. (Try to be complete)

Ans. Observing the strip of paper one should see various bands of colors gradually showing up.

7. Why do you think that these color changes has taken place?

Ans. Because different colors have different densities, as the water solvent carries them upward, they are deposited out as separate bands of colors.

8. If a liquid contained several soluble substances, could they be separated by chromatography? (Explain)

Ans. Most certainly they can be separated, because of different densities that they would have, and you would have to have a way of seeing them.

There are no right or wrong answers to these verses. Verses are added to bring attention to the Lesson covered, no matter how small the relationship that may be found in the verses. It is the student's responsibility to look for those connections. Chromatography is a process of SEPARATION, it is an upward RACE, the WATER carries all densities, and the lightest density of the color will win. Smoking flax shall he not quench, makes reference to a wick of an oil lamp, (a flickering candle) the compassion of Christ.

9. Read II Corinthians 6:17. How would you interpret this verse?

Ans. 2Co 6:14 Be ye not unequally yoked together with unbelievers: for what fellowship hath righteousness with unrighteousness? and what communion hath light with darkness? 15 And what concord hath Christ with Belial? or what part hath he that believeth with an infidel? 16 And what agreement hath the temple of God with idols? for ye are the temple of the living God; as God hath said, I will dwell in them, and walk in them; and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. 17 Wherefore come out from among them, and be ye separate, saith the Lord, and touch not the unclean thing; and I will receive you, 18 And will be a Father unto you, and ye shall be my sons and daughters, saith the Lord Almighty.

10. Read I Corinthians 9:24, and interpret this verse.

Ans. I Co 9:24 Know ye not that they which run in a race run all, but one receiveth the prize? So run, that ye may obtain.

11. Read Hebrews 12:1, and interpret this verse.

Ans. Heb 121 ¶ Wherefore seeing we also are compassed about with so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which doth so easily beset us, and let us run with patience the race that is set before us, 2 Looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of our faith; who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross, despising the shame, and is set down at the right hand of the throne of God.

12. Matthew 12:20 A bruised reed shall he not break, and smoking flax shall he not quench, till he send forth judgment unto victory.

Ans. Mat 12:18 Behold my servant, whom I have chosen; my beloved, in whom my soul is well pleased: I will put my spirit upon him, and he shall shew judgment to the Gentiles. 19 He shall not strive, nor cry; neither shall any man hear his voice in the streets. 20 A bruised reed shall he not break, and smoking flax shall he not quench, till he send forth judgment unto victory. 21 And in his name shall the Gentiles trust.

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:

1. What is the per cent error for each sample.

Ans. Percentage error - is a relative error calculated as follows:

	Actual value ( - ) your value
Percentage Error         =	--------------------------------- X 100%
	Actual Value

Sample problem:
An average student got the answer of 10.21 for the specific gravity of Lead.
The actual answer for lead is 11.34 .
The students error was 11.34 - 10.21 = 1.13
Calculation 1.13 / 11.34 = 0.00997 X 100% = .997%
Ans. .98%

2. Find out what is the relationship between Copper and Zinc and Brass.

Ans. Brass is an alloy of Copper and Zinc in the following composition: Brass (yellow) = 67% Cu, 33% Zn.

3. Find out what is the relationship between Copper and Tin and Bronze.

Ans. Bronze is an alloy or Copper and Tin in the following composition: Bronze (gun metal) = 90% Cu, 10% Sn.

4. What are some of the characteristics that help differentiate between Bronze and Brass?

Ans. Brass yellow color, softer; Bronze brownish in color, harder; both are non magnetic.

5. Find out what is the composition of solder.

Ans. Solder is also a alloy of Lead and Tin, the composition of solder will vary, plumber's solder 67% Pb and 33% Sn.

6. Find one Bible verse that makes reference to soldering (spelled sodering).

Ans. Isaiah 41:7 So the carpenter encouraged the goldsmith, and he that smootheth with the hammer him that smote the anvil, saying, It is ready for the sodering: and he fastened it with nails, that it should not be moved.

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:

1. What is the formula for density?

Ans.

2. Explain the difference between mass and weight.

Ans. Weight is a measure of the gravitational force exerted by the earth on a body, at a given point on its surface. This weight will vary with respect to the distance from the center of the earth. Mass the quantity of matter does not change.

3. What are the units for density?

Ans. g/ml or g/cm³

4. Explain the difference between qualitative and qualitative properties of a substance.

Ans. Qualitative physical properties are those characteristics that can be recognized or identified using our senses such as Color, texture. Quantitative physical properties are those characteristics that can be expressed as a number such as boiling point, freezing point, and density.

5. Using water for an example, make a chart to contrast the main characteristics of the three states of matter.

Ans.

6. Look up Archimedes and find out what other accomplishments he is credited with.

Ans. He discovered the principles of the lever, and specific gravity, an ancient water-raising device is also attributed to him as well. The water-raising screw is a spiral tube on a shaft.

7. What is the relationship between 1 gram of water and 1 millimeter of water at 4° Celsius?

Ans. For all practical purposes 1 ml of water at 4° C is equal to 1 g.

8. List two Bible references, where metal elements are mentioned.

Ans. Genesis 2:11 - Gold; Numbers 31:22 - Tin, silver, iron

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:

1. Define specific gravity.

Ans. Specific gravity is simply a RATIO of the Density of an object to the Density of our standard, which is water. It is just a number and no units.

2. What are the units for density?

Ans. And density is expressed as grams divided by millimeters or grams divided by cubic centimeters.

3. What are the units for specific gravity?

Ans. There are none.

4. What connection can you observe between "Weight in air" and displacement of water?

Ans. If done correctly in this experiment, weight in air should equal displacement in water.

5. For every ml of water an object displaces; how much less does the object weigh in water?

Ans. For every ml of water an object displaces, the object should weigh 1 gram less in water.

6. Define Buoyancy.

Ans. A submerged or partially submerged object appears to lose weight in water because of the water pressure acting on it with an upward force equal to the amount of water displaced.

7. How can you measure Buoyancy?

Ans. Measure the water displaced.

8. What are the units for Buoyancy?

Ans. Determined by whatever the volume displacement of water can be measured. For example: Ships, how many tons of water can be displaced by them.

9. If an object weigh 75 grams in air and displace 14 ml of water. (a) How much Buoyancy is there? (b) How much does the object weigh in water?

Ans. (a) There is 14 grams of Buoyancy. (b) The object will weigh 61 grams in water.

10. When does an object float in water? How is this related to its density? Explain.

Ans. An object will float in water, when it displaces slightly more water then it weighs. This means that its density must be slightly equal to less then 1 g/ml.

11. What are the metric units that can be used to express volume? How is this possible?

Ans. ml or cm³. Because 1 ml = 1 cm³ at 4° C.

12. Here is a problem; suppose you have a 40 gallon aquarium tank, four feet long, and exactly in the middle of the aquarium is a floating toy ship, and the whole aquarium is balanced on a small three inch triangle, which serves as the pivot point. Now, what would happen if you would gently move the toy ship to the extreme right, while some one would support the tank from moving? Would the tank tip to the right? Explain!

Ans. No, the tank would not tip, because a floating object has no weight in water.

13. Would you believe that a ship could be made out of cement, and that there are some wrecks of ships that can still be found on our coastlines! Find out when they were built.

Ans. The ships were built during WWII.

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:

1. Looking at our penny, it seems to have all the Qualitative properties of Copper, list them.

Ans. Solid at room temperature, brownish orange in color.

2. What are the Quantitative properties of Copper, list them (see lab 4).

Ans. Density = 8.9 g/cm³, melting point = 1083 °, boiling point = 2336 °.

3. What are the two ways of expressing Volume in the metric system?

Ans. ml, and cm³

4. If you had a cube, and whose sides measure five centimeters on its Length, Width and Height, what would be its volume?

Ans. Volume = L x W x H; Volume = 5 cm x 5 cm x 5 cm; V = 125 cm³

5. Why do you think that the quarters and dimes are sliver plated with copper in the center?

Ans. Silver is an excellent conductor of electricity, the silver coating that is on the dimes and quarters, is so that the coin machines can continue to function. You know that slugs do not work, if they are made of magnetic metal, because there are powerful magnets in the coin machines that will stop them. Now you know why nonmagnetic coins do not work, in coin machines that sell anything of value, because there are electrical sensors to test for silver.

6. If you happen to have a pure silver coin or find a person that has one, you can get a ringing sound from it, by placing it between your finger tips, and holding it suspended between your finger nails and blowing on it, like you are going to blow out a match and then bring it to your ear, you will hear it ringing. This should also hold true for gold as well.